User's Guide¶
Introduction¶
The SimpleNetworkTopologies software is a tool for users new to Networking topologies and setting them up correctly. This program is meant for users to learn the 6 basic network topologies, and what subnets are appropriate for each one. The 6 basic topologies include the Generic, Ring, Star, Bus, Mesh, and Fullyconnected layouts. Learning how Networking topologies and subnets work is a great entry way into a field like Cybersecurity or NetworkingAdministration, where having a secure and functioning network is of the upmost importance.
Installation¶
To install SimpleNetworkTopologies, see the releases tab on our Github.
How to Use :
Download the executable from this repository using the zip file.
Open the Zip file and allow the program to run.
Once the program is open, there are 6 example network topologies to learn about.
After learning about each basic topology, build your own network based on the prompt given to you.
Background¶
Addition of HBr to Alkenes¶
The Addition of HBr to Alkenes mechanism follows the reaction of an alkene, which is a molecule with a double bond between two Carbon molecules, and Hydrogen Bromide, or HBr. This mechanism takes place in two steps: Protonation of alkene and Addition of Br to carbocation. In the protonation step, the Hydrogen in HBr is drawn towards the double bond of the alkene while the bond between the Hydrogen and Bromide atoms stretches until it is broken, and simultaneously, the double bond in the alkene is also broken into a single bond. The Hydrogen bonds with one of the Carbons, and leaves the other Carbon, that was part of the C=C bond, with a positive charge. In the second step, the Bromide ion, Br-, is drawn to the positive charge left on the other Carbon, and forms a single bond with it. This molecule is called an alkyl bromide. This mechanism can also be performed with HCl, Hydrogen Chloride.
SN2 Reaction with Alkyl Halides¶
An SN2 reaction mechanism is a Nucleophilic Substitution in which the Rate Determining Step of the reaction involves 2 components: the concentration of both the substrate and the nucleophile. Alkyl Halides are compounds in which one or more Hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by halogen atoms, such as Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, or Iodine). This SN2 reaction with Alkyl Halides consists of 2-bromopropane, an alkane of three Carbon atoms with 7 Hydrogen atoms and one Bromine atom attached with single bonds, this is the Alkyl Halide; and a Hydroxide which consists of one Oxygen atom and one Hydrogen atom, this is the nucleophile. A Hydroxide molecule has a negative charge since the Oxygen atom has one extra pair of electrons, the molecule does not have the same amount of positive charges as negative charges. Because of this, the Hydroxide wants to become neutral. In this reaction, the extra pair of electrons in the Oxygen atom of the Hydroxide are drawn to the Alkyl Halide. Simultaneously, the electron pair breaks the bond between the Bromine and Carbon atoms and forms a new bond with the Carbon. This new molecule is called Methanol and is an alcohol.
E1 Mechanism¶
An E1 mechanism is also known as an Elimination 1 reaction, in this mechanism two substituents, any atom/group other than Hydrogen on a molecule, are removed. This reaction includes an Alkyl Halide, water, and heat to eliminate the substiuent. For this reaction, the Alkyl Halide is a molecule called: 2-bromobutane, so the substituent is Bromine. The first step of this reaction is the breaking of the bond between Carbon and Bromine, because Bromine is a good Leaving Group, as are all halide ions, which leaves that Carbon with a positive charge. Due to the positive charge on the Carbon, the bond between the Hydrogen and the Carbon, the one with the methyl group, is broken to neutralize the positve Carbon with a double bond, C=C. Simultaneously, the Oxygen in the H2O molecule bonds with the detaching Hydrogen, forming H3O+, also known as the hydronium ion. This elimination mechanism results with the products: 1,2-dimethylcyclohexene, H3O+, and Br-.